Congress Public Image :: essays research papers

No collection of government genuinely has a really ideal picture in the U.S., yet specifically is the congress. There are many speculations with regards to why Congress has an awful open picture. Congress may have a poor open picture yet in the event that it weren’t for it’s own individuals tearing down the foundation, at that point the picture issue could without much of a stretch be fixed.      I think one about the fundamental reasons why Congress has a poor open picture is on the grounds that its individuals regularly scrutinize it. Numerous congressional up-and-comers run on the possibility that they will get into congress, fix it, and make it work. How is the open expected to be happy with an organization that isn’t even acknowledged by its own individuals? I don’t censure general society for having a terrible picture of the Congress. Most residents just focus on governmental issues with the base exertion; what they see on TV or what they read on the first page of the paper. Congressmen don’t normally circumvent applauding Congress and regardless of whether they did, the media doesn’t locate that intriguing and will overlook it. In this manner, the individuals just accept what they are introduced.      Another component to this issue would be Congress’ exceptionally open dynamic procedure. As Davidson and Oleszek composed â€Å"if an agent or congressperson sounds not well educated or advances a silly proposition †¦the delegates of the media are probably going to pressure the†¦event as opposed to the substance of the general debate.† This is exceptionally evident in light of the fact that when congress talks about issues, it is communicated on CSPAN and secured by columnists. In actuality, the internal operations of the official branch and the legal branch are kept hidden more often than not. Once more, all the individuals are being given is one-sided data so that is all they have of which to shape a supposition. This specific model isn't Congress’ deficiency be that as it may. They have no power over how the media depicts them. Congressmen are human and on the off chance that they commit an error while tending to their friends, it ough t not turn into an expansion to the rundown of motivations to despise congress.      Davidson and Oleszek additionally referenced the way that there is no single representative for Congress overall. I totally concur with this since it permits the individuals to have one individual to address as opposed to looking around and got notification from a wide range of individuals. Davidson and Olseszek compose, â€Å"While the President can convey rapidly to the American individuals concerning his objectives and projects Congress needs such capacities.

Incredible India Essay

The travel industry is a significant industry in India and the Ministry of Tourism propelled a crusade to advance Incredible India as a vacationer goal in 2002. [2] The expression â€Å"Incredible India† was received as a motto by the service. Prior to 2002, the Indian government consistently detailed arrangements and arranged leaflets and handouts for the advancement of the travel industry, in any case, it didn't bolster the travel industry in a deliberate manner. Notwithstanding, in 2002, the travel industry service put forth a cognizant attempt to acquire more polished methodology in its endeavors to advance the travel industry. It figured an incorporated correspondence system with the point of advancing India as a goal of decision for the recognizing voyager. The travel industry service connected with the administrations of publicizing and advertising firm Ogilvy and Mather (India) (O&M) to make another crusade to expand traveler inflows into the nation. [3] Travel industry investigators and visit administrators were keen to the exclusive requirements of the ‘Incredible India’ battle. â€Å"The promotion crusade is having an amazing special visualization and making an impression of India being an otherworldly spot to visit,† said Anne Morgaon Scully, President, McCabeBremer Travel, Virginia, USA. Normal voyagers also seemed to discover the crusade intriguing and useful, passing by good remarks on sites on movement sites Although the ‘Incredible India’ battle was commonly generally welcomed, industry onlookers contrasted in their feelings on the situating of India in the crusade. G. S. Murari, Director, Fidelis Advertising and Marketing Pvt. Ltd. expressed he was awkward with the slogan ‘Incredible India’ and was of the sentiment that since India was not a uni-dimensional nation like Singapore or the Maldives, utilizing a word like ‘incredible’ to portray India all in all was not suitable. In 2011, Arjun Sharma, Managing Director, Le Passage to India, expressed that the battle has carried on with its life and it must be rehashed. [8] The Ministry of Tourism has again connected with Ogilvy and Mather for a time of multi year, starting 2012, to rethink the brand and give a vital vision to the crusade. From old occasions, India has been viewed as a spot brimming with Mystique. In days of yore time travelers like Huen Tsang made considerable progress with an incredible trouble just to have felt of the spot. Yet, presently in current occasions, with supersonic planes, the world has gotten a littler and has been named as a â€Å"global village†. With the goals turning out to be so a lot nearer the visitor are filling India from everywhere throughout the world prompting a quick advancement of the travel industry but then it has not developed to its fullest potential. History has lost tally of swarms of mankind which have voyage and through this place that is known for vibes and shrewdness; pioneers, explorers, merchants and intruders have been attracted to her shores. Fa Hien and Hieun Tsang originated from China looking for Bhuddha’s quiet quietness; from Alexander to Tamburlaine and Nadir Shah, Mahmud Ghaznavi, Muhammad Shah Ghauri to Babar, and Vasco-De-Gama to East India Company. All came here to fill their coffers with the abundance of this land; Jews, Parsees, Muhammedans, Christians, Arabs, Persians, Turks, Orientals and Europeanshave been completely made greeting here. India has some extraordinarily excellent otherworldly goals found everywhere throughout the nation. From the superb pinnacles of Himalayas to the ghats of sacred Ganga to various other blessed destinations, one can go for an extraordinary otherworldly excursion through this glorious nation.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for August 24th, 2019

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Definitions of Whats Ungrammatical in English

In descriptive grammar, the term ungrammatical refers to an irregular word group or sentence structure that makes little apparent sense because it disregards the syntactic conventions of the language. Contrast with grammaticality. In language studies (and on this website), examples of ungrammatical constructions are usually preceded by asterisks (*). Judgments regarding ungrammatical constructions are often subject to gradience. In prescriptive grammar, ungrammatical may refer to a word group or sentence structure that fails to conform to the proper way of speaking or writing, according to the standards set by some authority. Also called grammatical error. Contrast with correctness. Examples and Observations Designating a sentence as ungrammatical simply means that native speakers tend to avoid the sentence, cringe when they hear it, and judge it as sounding odd. . . .Calling a sentence ungrammatical means that it sounds odd all things being equal--that is, in a neutral context, under its conventional meaning, and with no special circumstances in force.(Steven Pinker, The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window Into Human Nature. Viking, 2007)Sentences . . . are simply the highest-level expressions of a language, and an ungrammatical string is a morpheme sequence which fails to constitute a meaningful expression of any kind.(Michael B. Kac, Grammars and Grammaticality. John Benjamins, 1992) Examples of Grammatical and Ungrammatical Sentences With Reflexive Pronouns Grammatical Ungrammatical(Terri L. Wells, L2 Acquisition of English Binding Domains. Morphology and Its Interfaces in Second Language Knowledge, ed. by Maria-Luise Beck. John Benjamins, 1998) The smart student thinks that the teacher likes himself.The very happy mother said that the girl dresses herself.The young child said that the pretty woman hurt herself.The man in the blue jacket said that the dog bit himself.The crying father said that the younger boy cut himself.The woman thinks that the student does not like herself.The doctor said that the old man shot himself in the foot.The lawyers think that the four policemen shot themselves.*The man thinks the boy does not like that stupid himself.*The woman said that the little girl saw yesterdays herself.*The taxi driver said that the man hit that careless himself.*The girl said that the teacher laughed at that funny herself.*The soldiers know that the generals like todays themselves.*The student said that the athlete hurt that stupid himself.*The mother wrote that the child laughed at that slow herself.*The man said that the boy was angry with the lazy himself. Distinguishing Between Descriptive and Prescriptive Grammar The sentence below is a garden-variety English sentence, which is descriptively grammatical to any English speaker . . .. I eat bacon and eggs with ketchup. We can form a question based on this sentence as follows: What do you eat bacon and eggs with? This sentence is descriptively grammatical but violates a prescriptive rule; recall that for some, ending a sentence with a preposition (in this case, with) is prescriptively ungrammatical. But now consider this sentence: I eat bacon and eggs and ketchup. When we try to form a question we get the following: *What do you eat bacon and eggs and? No English speaker would utter this sentence (hence the *), but why not? The source sentences look exactly the same; the only difference is that ketchup follows with in the first sentence, and and in the second. It turns out that with, a preposition, functions quite differently from and, a conjunction, and the distinction between the two is part of our unconscious knowledge of English. Studying this unconscious knowledge, revealed in puzzles like this one, allows us to construct a model, or theory of descriptive grammar, a model that attempts to explain why we quite naturally produce grammatical sentences such as What did you eat your bacon and eggs with? but not ungrammatical ones like What did you eat your bacon and eggs and? (Anne Lobeck and Kristin Denham, Navigating English Grammar: A Guide to Analyzing Real Language. Blackwell, 2014)

My American Dream - 774 Words

The American dream is the ideal job you have for yourself along with how you wish your life to plan out. For any american dream you will need a certain amount of education and training. As well as talents and experience. My American dream is to be a film producer , I find myself constantly looking at the behind the scenes of a movie imagining i’m there helping with them, my creativity is very strong point. First, thing to do is plan out the education you are going to need to accomplish your american dream. For being a film producer the requirement of education doesnt matter you don’t even need a high school diploma (what is the job description of a movie director?). However if you want to go on and get a degree in the field. People can†¦show more content†¦At the beginning people will not pay you that well, as people dont know who you are. So the more that you work the more experience you will get which will help spread the word of how you act(Jukola art community pros and cons). If you act poorly people wont want to work with you no matter how good you are. However if you have an upbeat attitude and are positive this will help people want to associate with you more. In New york the standard wage of a producer is $76,620 ( film director career: pros and cons). The maximum salary that producers have gotten were up to $109,000 (film director career: pros and cons). The startups that help financially help you is paid by the provider/ the person who wants the finished project(film finance). However, the health benefits aren’t always the best. In the filming business people tend to get hurt more than the average person would. They take all kind of repercussions . However sometimes that doesnt work. Things can go wrong with props which will lead to injuries and in some cases death (people killed by â€Å"fake† weapons). The prop makers will take as much precaution as they can and even more but things get changed and people make mistakes. In one instance a person onset doubled up on the blanks in a fake gun. The person shot the gun and the gun pierced their right lung. He died later in the hospital (people killed by â€Å"fake† weapons).There are also perks of working as a producer. You can travel aShow MoreRelatedTo What Extent Is Aurther Millers All My Sons a Critique of the American Dream?1427 Words   |  6 Pagesextent is Arthur Miller’s ‘All My Sons’ a critique of the American Dream Arthur Miller was an American playwright and was a prominent figure in America until his recent death in 2005. It was at this time of his death that Miller was considered one of the greatest American playwrights. In 1947, after his disastrous play – ‘The man who had all the luck’, ‘All My Sons’ was published, which brought Miller recognition and was the start of his successful career. ‘All My Sons’ is set after World War 2Read MoreTo What Extent Can All My Sons Be Seen as a Criticism of the American Dream and the American Way of Life?1557 Words   |  6 Pages The American Dream was born out of the deprivation of the war and the great depression America went through; measured by affluence, a rise in the accepted standard of living, it was the total opposite to war times.â€Å" Everyman a king. All things even better† In Miller’s play the Keller family are seen to be living the â€Å"American Dream†, yet their ways and means of obtaining this are greatly criticised by Miller. The Keller’s live in an outer-city suburb in a house that â€Å"would have cost perhaps fifteenRead MoreMy American Dream Essay : My American Dream721 Words   |  3 PagesMy American Dream I grew up thinking I could do anything that my friends could do, but as I got older I found out that I couldnt do some of the things they can do. While I had friends that would travel out of the country for vacation, I would only go as far as Florida. When I was younger I asked my parents why we couldn’t leave the country like my other friends, they simply responded with we cant. Since I was a little girl at the time I didnt think too much of the situation and just let itRead MoreMy American Dream841 Words   |  4 Pagesclassic â€Å"American Dream† can be envisioned as a white picket fence, crisp lawn, and two young children playing about in front of a lightly hued colonial style home. Once the ideal of ultimate success within the United States, this life goal is now just an image on a page of a 1960’s chapter within a United States history textbook. Now, America’s strong-willed and influential Millennials have thoroughly and unapologetically redefined the â€Å"American Dream†. The Center for a new American Dream definesRead MoreMy American Dream839 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinitely say that I am experiencing this new American Dream for myself. Owning a home is definitely a part of the American Dream that has remained intact for as long as the country has been standing. However, for a millennial there is a new and added depth to the Dream. Millennials have been accused of many things, killing the diamond industry, killing the department store industry, and for being unwilling to enter the housing market. While the dream of owning a home is indeed alive and well amongRead MoreMy American Dream Essay533 Words   |  3 PagesFirst, lets define American Dream. American Dream is what you would consider a perfect life. It can be full of happiness, money, love, food, cars, whatever you desire, everyone has a different opinion. One person’s American Dream may be totally different from someone else’s, that is what makes us all individuals. My American Dream would include a good job and lots of money, spare time for my family and I, and most importantly, healthiness. It seems that so often the subject of economic standingRead MoreMy American Dream Essay745 Words   |  3 PagesThe idea of the American Dream conveys a delight to anybody endeavoring to accomplish this deception. For most of the population living in America, there is a feeling of working towards being in a superior position than the present one they are in. The fantasy is distinctive for every person, a few people dream brings energy towards themselves and their loved ones, as others work for a superior living for a whole society. This is the thing that makes this idea so uncommon and one of a kind, is thatRead MoreMy Perception Of The American Dream1554 Words   |  7 Pagesenvisioned my future life to be like the stereotypical American dream. I may have inherited that dream from my mother; she came to the United States from Mexico at only 15 years old. She came to pursue the same dream - - the opportunity to achieve wealth and success. Growing up in a traditional Hispanic house hold is something I will always cherish, but one characteristic of Hispanic culture is the mindset that women are meant to be housewives and mothers. This expectation worked with my perceptionRead MoreMy Life Of The American Dream1376 Words   |  6 PagesI was born in Fort Worth, Texas, a city where I realized being an American is an unbelievable blessing to have in your life. I would have to thank my mother for risking her life, and having the courage to move to the United States when she was only eighteen. Without her courage I would be living a completely different life right now. The opportunities one has as an American are shocking. Many Americans do not realize how fortunate they are in this country, with the Public school system,and job opportunitiesRead MoreMy Opinion of the American Dream701 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is the American Dream? Is a question that will be answered differently every time its asked to a different individual. Everyone has a different opinion reg arding what is the American Dream and what it takes to make the dream a reality theres a simply explanation to this: People come from different places, and everyone has a different story to tell. No two lives are just alike, there are going to be people who have experienced different trials and tribulations, people who have seen what you

The Mission Free Essays

The Mission takes place during the Jesuit Reductions in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. During this time many Jesuit missionaries established missions independent of the Spanish state in order to teach the native inhabitants Christianity. Leading this cause is Father Gabriel, a Spanish Jesuit Priest, who arrives in the Jungle in South America to set up a mission and convert a small village of Guarani Indians. We will write a custom essay sample on The Mission or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the beginning of the film, there is an image of a Jesuit missionary tethered to a cross which is being sent over the massive Gauze Falls. This act encourages Father Gabriel to try to reach out to the tribe. Guarani warriors track Father Gabriel down, prepared to kill him, as he tries to make his way to their village. Gabriel is able to calm the warriors down by playing a song which is the beginning of his acceptance into the tribe. The movie then shifts to Roding Mendoza, a slave trader and mercenary, who is filled with guilt after killing his brother and is looking for repentance. Father Gabriel, after finding out about Mendoza actions, seeks him out to offer him a way to repentance and salvation. Once Mendoza agrees, his armor ND weapons are bound within a satchel that is attached to his waist and he is challenged to scale the cliffs of Gauze Falls. He makes it up the falls and to the Guarani camp where he is met with skepticism and disdain. Eventually, one of the Guarani cuts the satchel off and throws it into the falls representing the forgiveness of the tribe and him being released from his penance. Mendoza then becomes a Jesuit under the guidance of Father Gabriel. The Guarani’s gain confidence in Father Gabrielle mission from the leadership he portrays and the eagerness of the Guarani’s to learn. During all of this, there are political events going on as well. Spain and Portugal sign a treaty ordering Spain to transfer the control of some land, which includes the land containing Father Gabrielle mission. This was a critical agreement since Spain had outlawed slavery but slavery remained legal in Portugal. As a result, the Jesuits have to fight to protect the missions from Portuguese slave traders. The threat being posed by the Portuguese leads papal emissary Alliteration (a representative of the pope) to make a decision about whether or not the mission should be shut down. Alliteration is torn between two controversial options; either he can side with the colonists and close the mission leading to the enslavement of the Guarani or he can side with the missions leaving the Jesuit to face the Portuguese government. He eventually decides to close the mission but Father Gabriel and Mendoza refuse to obey the decision. The two try tactics of fighting and peace to resist the Portuguese but are eventually taken down by the Portuguese army and the mission is burned down and the Priests and Guarani adults are massacred. Spain and Portugal, the Church administrative hierarchy, and the Jesuit order can e described as having their own culture as institutions based on the apparent separation of motives between each which came from the different ways of thinking that were developing at the time. The Jesuits showed a genuine care about the spiritual well-being of the Guarani people where Spain and Portugal were not as charitable as represented by the government officials. Spain and Portugal had a culture that was based off of nationalistic viewpoints. Spain and Portugal were competing for power in the New World and were unsure about how to treat the native people. Spain’s idea was to maintain control by forcing Christianity and their ultra on to the natives. Portugal Just looked to enslave them to show their superiority. Both countries, though, looked for power instead of trying to help the natives accept a new way of life as these countries brought over colonists. Their main concern was to benefit their country versus helping others. These countries would do anything to show their countries power, including taking away power from the church to control the fate of the mission. This is made obvious in the scene where the Pope’s emissary, Ultramarine, is to decide the fate of the mission. Father Gabriel sees the datives as naturally spiritual and tries to defend the Jesuit position. Portuguese officials see the tribe as unfit for civilization and eventually kill off any natives that resist their rule once the mission is disbanded and enslaves the rest. Either way Ultramarine went, it seemed that Portugal would get its way in the end. From this it is also evident what the motive of the Church was; which was to maintain authority on the outcome of the Guarani project. With the revolts going on against the Church, the Church wanted to use the control they did have to get their agenda completed. Jesuit missionaries were left to succumb to their decisions and this affected the final outcome of the mission as well as the everyday business of the missionaries. The Jesuit missionaries started to try to break away from the church by not forcing European customs on the natives. In this way they started to become enlightened. Ultramarine did go and experience the missions but he saw the economic practices of the mission to mirror that of radical French Socialism rather than understanding that it was a direct result of what they had learned from the New Testament. When Ultramarine encountered some Guarani natives who could barely be recognized as such, he was fully pleased. This shows how the Church wanted the natives to completely conform to their ways and culture instead of bringing out the good in the natives like the Jesuits were trying to do. The authorities of the church wanted one thing while the missionaries wanted another. The Jesuits crossed cultural boundaries by merging their beliefs and teachings with the Guarani culture. The Jesuit missions expected the natives to convert to Christianity but generally did not expect them to adopt the European cultural norms. The Jesuits also crossed cultural boundaries by trying to give the natives social mobility. The Jesuits gathered the Guarani into these missions to protect them while they taught them how to read and write as well as be self-productive. Works Cited Hounded, Anthony. â€Å"Reductions of Paraguay. † CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA:. Robert Appleton Company, n. D. Web. 17 July 2014. â€Å"The Jesuit Missions: Their History. † The Jesuit Missions: Their History. N. P. , n. D. Web. 17 July 2014. Bulgaria, Lenore. â€Å"The Jesuit Missions in South America. † Catholicism. N. P. , 23 Mar. 2011. Web. 17 July 2014. How to cite The Mission, Papers

Punk Rock began free essay sample

This quote suggests that Punk Rock was more or less a political statement, which like most, was a product of the attitudes of the time; the excitement of the revolutionary nineteen sixties had fizzled and from the boredom emerged something completely different. There are several reasons as to why the Punk movement began. Many theories suggest Punk to have been a raw political statement for the sake of change and rebellion (Laying, 1978, Pl Para) while others would argue that the whole scene was just scripted controversy for the sake of commercialism and moneymaking. Comparatively, similarities can be drawn between the nineteen fifties Rock n Roll era and the punk Rock phenomenon of the seventies. Not only do they bare an aesthetic likeness, but also their following with both genres of music playing a key role in the uprising of a Youth Culture (Larkin, 1 997, IPPP). As Broodier observed, nothing more clearly affirms ones class, nothing more infallibly classifies, than taste in music. (Shaker, 1994, pop).Punk adhered to this, as its lyrics and cultural attitudes were based on youthful ideals such as rebellion, nihilism, obscenity, violence, sexuality and attitudes towards school (Shaker, 1994, pop IPPP But why? Did the young people simple seek a commercial outlet to voice their opinions and anger or was it all out of boredom? Boredom is a recurring theme in many iconic Punk anthems (see Im Bored- Gigs Pop, I Just Want Have Something To Do- The Ramose and Boredom- The Buzzwords, to name a few).Boredom is another quality widely associated with teenagers in particular, and for nineteen seventies youths the post sixties lifestyle was all but thrilling but with the invention of punk the seventies brought more than a monotonous end to some of the greatest rises of the 20th Century. It filled the void, with a sound so terrifying and disordered that you knew- from the first momentum heard it- that it couldnt last. (Roomers, 2009, page).While from a cultural perspective Punk Rock can be viewed as a very real lifestyle for the misfit youths of the nineteen seventies, some, such as reporter Hanna Gardner from a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, suggest that the musicians started the genre purely for money, fame, kicks and chicks, that the Punk Rock phenomenon was all a put on (Roomers, 2009, puppy-207). While the youths may have en adopting the disheveled aesthetic and up yours attitude of their Punk Rock music icons, were the musicians who were responsible for the blow up of this entire subculture only focused on becoming rich and famous?Malcolm McAllen was one figure in Punk Rock in particular who, some might say, affirmed this theory with his commercialism The Sex Pistols and famously causing them to split and sell out. McAllen was an entrepreneurial type whose early involvements in the Punk scene eventuated to his management (or creation, as he deemed it) of the Sex Pistols in the mid even tides (Savage, 1 991 , IPPP). The Sex Pistols blurred the lines between commercialism and rebellion, with them having as many songs on the pop charts as any famous pop musician of the time.Anthems like Anarchy in the UK and God Save the Queen became enormous hits in the UK charts and soon were heard all around the world, turning The Sex Pistols from angry teenagers who were part of the underground Punk movement into rich and famous rock stars. The band members themselves would deny ever being in it for the money, but McAllen himself has admitted to cashing in on the ands popularity With merchandise and even film, giving the impression that they were more a product of commercialism rather than a Punk Rock band (Savage, 1991, puppy-502). While some iconic historical Punk figures attitudes became askew due to fame and wealth, assimilation into Pop Culture was not the only intention behind why Punk Rock really began. For some Punk Rockers, the idea of creating a reactionary artistic statement against pop culture was key and the music was but a vessel for that creative expression of anger, anarchy and nihilism. In Phil Strongman A History of Punk he observes that in some areas, Punk Rock was viewed as more of a religion than a subculture. It was a means of bringing people of the same ideals and beliefs together (Pl 3, Para).This affirms the idea that Punk was made to act as a political a statement, a movement lead by the youth of a generation to call for change and progression. The uniform of the Pure Punk was one that was part of the statement (Strongman, 2007, Pl 2-20). American Punk Rock Pioneer Richard Hell from the innovating band Richard Hell and the Voids claims that the inspiration for the Punk uniform dates jac k as early as 1 959, he himself taking influence from the French New Wave film The 400 Blows by Franà §ois Truthful. Richard Hell once stated, It (Hells uniform) looked like the kid in The 400 Blows, The Truthful movie.I remember I had a picture of those three guys. I really thought all this stuff out in 73 and 74. This theory of punk beginning as an artistic statement suggests that, unlike others, Punk was a well thought out art form rather than just rebellion for the sake Of rebelling. Everything, down to what they wore served purpose in their intricate artistic intentions and counted towards the overall effect of the Punk phenomenon. In conclusion, there is no one reason as to why Punk began but multiple theories, all of which bare an element of truth.While Punk rock may seem a contradiction in itself (what with it becoming a commercial genre of music when it was intended to remain on the cusp of popular culture) the initial intentions are ones that beg for a revolution, a change in music, image, and attitude towards politics, people and popular culture. Like a weed, punk emerged during the parched decade between the sixties and the eighties, when the compass was spinning out of control, when he captain had lost control of the wheel. (Roomers, 2009, Opening Shoo. Punk did happen for a reason.

Mentoring Roles in Leadership Development free essay sample

Introduction Leaders are considered as the significant aspect in communities or organizations. The impact of leaders can lead organizations to the success or adversely to the failure in achieving their goals. Many perspectives on this theme had created comprehensive understanding and may be used in many different contexts. The meaning of leader and leadership and other debatable issues associated in its construct should be understood in its context and perspective. Definition of leadership in this topic will focus on knowledge, skills, abilities and traits of the leader in the process of influencing other people or followers to do what the leader want. This definition is proposed by Barker (1997) in possibilities of leadership training which define leadership and management in the same way. To focus on the leadership as a management function is more rationalistic but it is more possible to adapt in organizational practices. In their act to lead or their behaviors to influence other people in organization, leaders have their own values and styles which are different from one another and to be owned originally. We will write a custom essay sample on Mentoring Roles in Leadership Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These values and styles are shaped by many factors along developmental process. In the process to become a leader, a person is influenced by many agencies, i. e. : parents, families, friends, colleges, educations, experiences, etc. Those agencies interact in complicated ways and shape leadership values and styles. One important agency is mentor which is a person who plays a role as guru, coach, model in the process of learning become leaders. Mentor-protege existence is recorded since the old history and has varied interpretations in its practices. However, mentor-protege relationship is proved as a useful method for leaders to develop their leadership role. Mentoring as a means in organization has attracted many researches to study its role and dynamic since it is used to increase personal ability and in the end is hoped can give optimum benefits to organizations. There are many views about the role of mentoring in organizations based on the findings. Even though there are skeptical views about the role of mentoring in organization, I believe that mentoring in a broad definition is a very useful method and should be implemented properly to get its benefits. In the effort to get the clearer insight about mentor-protege phenomena, I will begin with explaining mentor and protege definition, aspects involved in the relationship, benefits of mentor-protege relationship, barrier of a successful relationship, other effects in relationship,and model in mentorship. In the last part, I try to look out relevancy of mentoring in the current organizational context. Definition of Mentorship To have comprehensive understanding about mentor we need to know the root of its word and how this term uses in many fields. There are many definition and debatable issues associated in this definition. However, I suggest to give the meaning of mentor-protege based on its root in mythology. History of Mentor The concept of mentoring can be traced from Greek mythology. In Odyssey of Odysseus, Mentor was the faithful companion of Odysseus, King of Ithaca who took an important role for Telemachus, Odysseus’s son, when the King went off to the Trojan wars. Mentor’s duty was to raise Telemachus and prepare him as the successor of Odyssey. According to Samier (2000,p. 85), based on Odyssey story, there are three fundamental roles in mentoring: guardian, guide, and counselor. While Carruthers (1993,p. 9) explain that in this story, Mentor had a role as a father figure, a teacher, a role model, an approachable counsellor, a trusted adviser, a challenger, an encourager to Telemachus. Carruthers also add the figure with Athene, also from Greek mythology, who sometimes is assumed the form of mentor and acted as mother figure and wisdom. On the other hand, protective aspect of the role Mentor has raised the word â€Å"protege†, come from French verb, proteger means to protect. This word is used to a person who receives mentor interest. Mentor-protege relationships have become a pattern of learning or play a significant factor in development of successful persons along centuries. Head and Gray gave a list of famous persons with mentor-protege relationship from Sir Thomas More until Michael Jackson (Carruthers,1993). This role of Mentor to help Odyssey’s successor in his developmental phase is used in many fields and sometimes in very simple ways. In this discussion, we focus on leadership in organization that needs understanding in integration of intellectual and emotional capabilities of individual. Mentor Concept Although the concept of mentor is real along history and seems simple and easy to understand, in the process of determine a definition, there are many varied views come from many authors. Carruthers(1993) explained a range of definition, from brief definition in Webster Universal Dictionary, ‘mentor is counsellor, wise and prudent adviser’ and Carmin’s comprehensive definition of mentor, ‘mentoring is a complex, interactive process occurring between individuals of differing levels of experience and expertise which incorporates interpersonal or psychosocial development, career and/or educational development, and socialization functions into the relationship. To have a guide for this ‘mentor’ term, Carruthers(1993) proposed that most mentor interpretations can be devided into two categories: the first is which emphasise the professional development only, the second is which emphasise professional and personal development of the protege. In other field, term of mentor also used broadly and there are many debatable issues associated with mentor activity. Wood (1997,p.27) explain mentor happened in Mentor story is the idea of a senior or older person who pay attention to a younger person and acting as an advisor and guide. She also claims that the idea of mentoring in the business world is happened when a junior employee assigned a more senior adviser to help them develop their career. Samier (2000) states that values and interpretations of mentorship are depend on one’s disposition in humanistic or positivistic direction. In his view, mentorship program can be seen as a reaction to the negative effect of modernization which produces alienation in social relation. To study mentoring, it will need phenomenological and hermeneutic perspectives because the subject is interpersonal relationship in professional development which is subjective, symbolic and context-dependent experiences. Mentorship also is seen as a means of addressing equity problems by supporting women and minorities. His view of practical use of mentoring also found in organization, to be function as an innovative means of supporting conventional organizational goals and practices by offering a technique for coping with change. Aspects involved in Mentor Concept Samier (2000,p. 85) state that to construct a comprehensive and clear conceptual framework of mentoring, we need to look its role definition, characteristic of actors, character of relationship and typical phases/stages. These mentoring criteria consist of: Mentoring is a multifaceted and complex role consisting of interventionist, training, and supportive activities; mentors are older, more senior, and at the same workplace or in the same profession; the relationship is personally and affectively grounded, and governed by ethical requirements of voluntarism and mutuality, therefore not reducible to quantifiable measures; and it is a relationship which requires a minimum of two years, and in most cases three to five years, evolve. To fulfill their roles as mentor and protege, there are a number criteria or qualifying characteristics which organized by Samier(2000,p. 88) into organizational status, professional and personal qualities. In organizational status, according to Missirians’s study (1982, in Samier, 2000) mentors are seen as brilliant, charismatic,physically attractive, boundlessly energetic, innovative, and inspiring. While in professional qualities, mentors are seen have the ability to evaluate and apply technical knowledge and skill to the setting through divergent thinking (Schon,in Samier,2000). Come to personal qualities, it is include a broad range of intellectual, social and emotional traits. Anderson and Shannon (1988 in Samier,2000) propose essential dispositions in mentoring which are opening to their protege, leading incrementally and to show that care and concern to personal and professional welfare. On the other hand, proteges must be able to understand and accept their mentors in emotional, intellectual and social ways. Zey (1984 in Samier,2000) identified qualities of proteges that attract mentor which are competence, a desire to learn, initiative,intelligence, ambition, desire and ability to accept power and risk, loyalty, ability to establish alliances, and organizational savvy. Character of the relationship in mentor-protege relationship is perceived as a private, dynamic and mutually transformative relationship which is showed by trust of each other. (Samier,2000). Those Samier’s conceptual framework of Mentor is proposed to give a guidance to understan d mentorship and how to adopt it in organizational strategy. Functions of mentoring relationship as propose by Ragins(1989,p. 2), explain aspects which are training and inside information on the organization and its political function, role of mentor as a counselor, friend, role model and coach, and buffer between organization by running interference for the protege and providing special access to information, contacts and resources. Benefits of Mentor-protege Relationship Considering its broad impact, mentor is hoped to assist his protege in professional and personal development. As defined by Philips-Jones in Carruthers (1997), ‘mentors are influential people who significantly help you to reach your major life goals’. Whitely (1993) finding in his study that career mentoring is particularly related to early career promotion histories, to general work satisfaction and career satisfaction. Bolam,McMahon,Pocklington Weindling (1995) report their study on a national pilot scheme for mentoring new headteachers in England and Wales. The result of this study, the proteges mentioned benefits: help with problems, help to give meaning in their new position, reduce the isolation, obtaining another perspective and improving self confidence. On the other hand, mentors also mentioned benefits they get from relationship which are extending their professional experience, encouraging them to engage in reflective self-analysis, experience of sharing and helping others, acting as a sounding board, hearing alternative views about professional issues. Other view which emphasise the importance of relationship is come from Kram Isabella (1985). They stated that both parties involved in mentor-protege benefit from the relationship. In the process of mentoring, mentors provide young adult with career-enhancing function and psychosocial support while gain technical and psychological support, gain internal satisfaction and respect from colleagues. From a number of functions in mentoring relationship, proteges gain upward mobility in organization. Thus, mentoring relationships have been found as a significant factors in career development, organizational success and career satisfaction (Ragins,1989). Alleman (in Carruthers, 1993) identified organizational benefits from mentor-proteges relationship which are increased productivity by both partners, better assessments, improved management and technical skills, discovered latent talent, refined leadership qualities, improved performance, and better recruitment and retention of skilled staff. Clearly, benefits in mentor-proteges relationship in organizational context have a strong association in leadership. First, from proteges point of view, to experience guidance from their mentor has given them insight to behave properly or to use appropriate leadership style in many situation. It is integrated in their developmental process to gain heir own identity as a leader. Secondly, from mentors point of view, the relationship also add their capabilities as leaders, in this case their ability to develop other people. Other Effects in Relationship Meanwhile, on individual levels mentor-proteges relationship also becomes sources of tension and conflict. Braun (1990 in Samier 2000) states that these tension and conflict vary from peers feeling that the protege has acquired illegitimate advantage, to colleagues not approving of the mentor’s choice in protege, to colleagues and significant others in both the mentor and protege’s lives becoming suspicious in gender different pairing. Beside those inter personal conflict between mentor or protege and people around them, proteges should experience social and professional isolation because special assignments and extra works from those relationship (Missirian,1982 in Samier,2000). Carruters (1993) describes disadvantages in mentor-protege relationship: elitism or jealousy in mentor and protege peers, the Matthew effect which is increases the existing gap, the Salieri phenomenon when a mentor prevents his protege’s outstanding work, spouse jealousy especially if it is involved different gender, and mentor can perceived his protege as a professional threat. Baum (1992) who examined the literature on mentoring from psychoanalytic perspective, state that proteges and mentors also bring fantastic meaning unconsciously. In his view, proteges transfer their affection and identify with mentors. In my opinion, this transfer is one of failure in mentoring process because its not reach self autonomy of proteges but otherwise let proteges in dependent relationship with their mentor. Actually, those disadvantages could be diminished with cautious preparation to its model or the way mentoring program is conducted. Barriers in Mentor-protege Relationship Despite of its promising benefits, there are several factors in mentor-protege relationship that inhibit the process of successful relationship. Samier (2000) suggest that context on organizational level which are culture, systems, size and structure may not be conducive to mentoring. It says that bureaucratic environment often cause mentors and proteges have to engage in covert activities. Zey (1984 in Samier, 2000) found problems in a mentor-protege program which is not explain the purpose to mentors, different view of corporate culture, participants are coerced, poor evaluation process, inadequate contact with mentors and lack of choice in selecting mentors. Mentor-protege relationship is time and energy consuming. It is understandable to find failure in mentoring programs because the lack of support for this program. However, to take this failure as the reason for justify unimportance of the program is immature. Model for Mentorship Program Samier (2000) proposed comprehensive model in planned mentorship program derived from Andrew(1986), Zey(1984), and Murray (1991) which are: Establish clear goals and a program design which meets existing organizational and training and development needs, including staffing plans to absorb graduates; establish criteria and a process for selecting mentors and proteges; advertise, solicit participation, and screen applicants plus enlist cooperation of entire organization; provide initial orientation and ensure commitment; monitor, counsel and assist during mentoring and evaluate the outcomes of the program and provide information for adjustment. Considering a model for mentor-protege program, Carruthers(1993) stated that mentoring as a dynamic process needs to try and fit many different ways. In his view, mentoring may summarized as follows: Mutual choice is advocated; the relationship extends beyond professional interest; there is no evidence of threat, there is mutual need; there is little evidence in the literature that mentoring has disadvantage for the proteges; there is evidence of affection and trust. Model is important to give the rough way how mentoring program should be implemented. As we realize its multifaceted, mentor concept needs to be clearly understood before it take into practice. Mentoring in the Changing Organization Since its practice as a learning process for leadership preparation in Greek mythology until its practical use in human resources management in organization, mentor concept is still relevant to be implemented as organizational tools. However, we should consider other factor such us organizational changing to implement it properly in many different situation. Kram Higgins (2002) proposed that there are four significant changes in nature of career: â€Å"boundaryless† model of work environment, changing nature of technology, organizational structures and membership. Those changes have changed the nature of mentoring relationships today and particularly emerge increasing variance from which individuals get mentoring support. Also in the same point of view, Kram Isabella (1985) started to give alternatives for mentoring with peer relationship, and Keele (1986) proposed networking. Those alternatives and awareness of changing environment in organisation should be considered as enrichment in understanding mentorship role in the process of leadership learning. Conclusion Mentoring as a means in organization has attracted many researches to study its role and dynamic since it is used to increase personal ability and in the end is hoped can give optimum benefits to organizations. There are many views about the role of mentoring in organizations based on the findings. Based on its function, mentor still play a crucial role in the process becoming a leader. There are functions played by mentor-protege relationship which give meaningful progress in individual development. In this relationship, interpersonal or psychosocial development, career and/or educational development happened as the result of interactive process between mentor and protege. Benefits in mentor-proteges relationship in organizational context have a strong association in leadership. First, from proteges point of view, to experience guidance from their mentor has given them insight to behave properly or to use appropriate leadership style in many situation. It is integrated in their developmental process to gain heir own identity as a leader. Secondly, from mentors point of view, the relationship also add their capabilities as leaders, in this case their ability to develop other people. All those benefits emphasize the role of mentoring in leadership which is taking a central role to direct the organization into its success. Mentor program as one of organizations effort to adapt this relationship pattern to maximize personnel development in leadership learning should be implemented carefully. Those to be concerned are: conceptual framework of mentoring, where we need to look its role definition, characteristic of actors, character of relationship and typical phases/stages. Besides that administrator or actors in mentoring program should pay attention to potential effect in relationship and barriers in successful mentoring relationship.

Hope and Defeat In Shawshank essays

Hope and Defeat In Shawshank essays Life always sends unfortunate situations our way. Much of the time it seems there is no end in sight. It seems like everything is caving in, and the situation is simply hopeless. The Shawshank Redemption (1994) is a testament to the strength of the human spirit. Even when we are bombarded with adversity our spirit is what keeps our head above water. Our will to survive serves as our greatest strength. It gives us hope when all else fails, and gives us the drive to endure even our darkest hour. The film is an exploration into that inner self. In The Shawshank Redemption the character of Andy Dufresne (Tim Robbins) is put to the test. Discovering that his wife has been having affair only after she and her secret lover are murdered, Andy is blamed for the murder and wrongfully imprisoned. Andy is sent to Shawshank Prison. Through the symbolism used in the movie and by analyzing selected pieces of dialogue it will be shown that the character of Andy is a representation of our inner being and human spirit. Andy is a metaphor for our spirits perseverance through the dark times in our lives. Finally, it will be shown that a main ideology of the movie is acceptance. When we as people accept our lives and the situations that fall upon us that is when we can overcome to find peace, contentment, and lastly redemption on our own terms. To accomplish all this, the film must be looked at in four stages. Stage one is Andy in denial. It shows that his pain is only magnified by the fact that his mind has not let go of, or accepted the idea that this turn of events has actually befallen him. Stage two is the collapse. In this stage Andys world begins to crumble around him. This stage might also be called no end in sight. Stage three is the beginnings on the road to acceptance. This stage is the bulk of the movie. In this stage Andy must grow, stay strong, and learn to survive in his new situation. Finally, there is stage four. Th...

Management Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management Analysis - Coursework Example The managing director, however, does not participate in preparing financial statements because the report is considered supplementary information (Finkler et al., 2013, p.477). However, compiling financial statements requires the assistance of managing directors in compliance with GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) outlined in GASB policies on management discussions and analysis. Guidelines on management discussions and analysis require managing directors to access readable documents for government enquiry on financial services based on relevant facts, conditions and decisions. It involves comparisons of different years based on the government’s gathered information on financial issues (Finkler et al., 2013, p.476). Furthermore, discussions must include the government’s general economic positions with outcomes of operations to assist the public in assessing financial positions and improvement of altered results on the year’s activities. Accountants and managing directors should include graphs, tables and charts appropriately in their financial reports to assist other managers in further analysis of information presented. Such information help in keeping relevant information and achieving goals set without following a rigid format that omits some valuable

Admission Essays for EMBA Admission - The University of Chicago Booth Essay

Admission Essays for EMBA Admission - The University of Chicago Booth School of Business - Essay Example I am interested in pursuing an EMBA because throughout history businesses have always existed. These businesses have existed by trading off merchandise and/or by exchanging merchandise for currency. In this case, the merchandise is the technology service. Since then the manner of making business transactions have evolved to include technology. Although technology is a mechanism of performing business transactions more rapidly, we should not forget to maintain the human element vivid in them. I want to master my skills in business administration since throughout history it has lead to an economic empowerment for many corporations and countries. Having this economic crisis vivid in our daily lives, makes the seeking of new strategies and venues a must, to help get out of this magnificent rut. Forming part of your institution of higher learning will give me more insights of how I may make contributions in this area as an expert with the help of the expertise and experiences of your faculty members. I have had close to a decade (?) of experience in this area of business administration and I have had to make decisions that have been crucial to obtain successful business transactions results. In business it is not a good idea to make decisions on a trial and error basis. The bottom line of entrepreneurial ship is to be on the cost/effective side of the spectrum (the bottom line of a financial statement. By obtaining an EMBA at The University of Chicago Booth School of Business, will give me ample information gathered by international experts and it will give me the opportunity to make decisions based on others ´ experiences that have had positive and negative results. In doing so, I will be able to apply strategies and methodologies to make successful business transaction decisions based on others ´ experiences and based on the case studies presented in classes. I see myself collaborating with others to

Relationship between Binge Eating and Stress

Relationship between Binge Eating and Stress Binge Eating and Stress: Is it Behavioral or Biological? ABSTRACT Stress is often inevitable in today’s fast paced world. People are struggling with positive coping mechanisms to deal with everyday life stressors. Binge eating (BE) can arise from maladaptive coping mechanisms that can be triggered from stress. Research has been limited in categorizing binge eating as either behavioral or biological due to BE being a recent disorder discovery and its overlap between neural and psychological dependence. This review aims to explain the differences between biological and psychological associations and the correlation stress has in both aspects of BE. Key Words: Binge Eating, Stress, Eating Disorder, Food Addiction, Psychological Dependence INTRODUCTION At some point in their lives, people have experienced some form of stress that lead them to turn to coping mechanisms to overcome the stressor(s). Work, college, family, and the pursuit of happiness can consume an individual to perform at optimum, sometimes unrealistic levels. In today’s world, college students and young professionals report the highest levels of stress compared to older generations. Thirty-nine percent of Millennials say their stress has increased in the last year, compared to 36 percent of Generation Xers, 33 percent of Baby Boomers and 29 percent of Matures (Stress by Genarations, 2012).   The form in which people deal with stress varies from individual but maladaptive forms of coping mechanisms such as Binge eating are becoming more popular among young individuals, particularly women (Fischer, 2017).   Binge Eating (BE) is consuming a very large amount of food within a short period of time with no sense of control over one’s eating, and no purgi ng afterwards (Parakeh).   People who have low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, body image issues, dieting obsessed, compulsive tendencies and academic perfection goals are more likely to develop an eating disorder such as BE (Cain, 2008).   BE so far has been classified as an eating disorder along with Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia (Hardway, 2015), but there are more underlying symptoms that make it difficult to categorize under purely addictive psychological dependence or if it’s a neural response to stress. Psychological conditions such as depression, anxiety and low-self-esteem can manifest themselves when triggered by a situation or stressor that would make the individual turn to BE for relief or avoidance (Shelton, 2010). According to the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), which is a measure to identify individuals show signs related to substance dependence with the consumption of high fat/high sugar food such as food addiction (YFAS) individuals whose symptoms fit u nder YFAS have a strong correlation to food addiction. The YFAS proposes that the characteristics of binge eating goes hand in hand with what currently qualifies as substance dependence. Also, scores on the YFAS predicted binge eating behavior and emotional eating in a study of obese women who were dieting (Parylak, 2011). Alternatively, studies have been conducted that have found when stress levels are high, individuals are more likely to gravitate towards high-fat, high-sugar palatable foods in excess versus times of little to no stress. Neuronal activity monitored by a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) showed activation of various limbic system areas such as, the right amygdala (emotions, motivation), Cingulate cortex (emotion formation, memory), Hippocampus (regulates emotions), and Putamen (movement of limbs) (Figure 1, 2 and 3) (Born, 2010). Stress response initiates itself in the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) sy stem (Adam, 2007). The overlapping and differential aspects of stress induced BE in the biological or psychological aspect have not yet been reviewed and the purpose of this review is to compare both sides, using research already done in both areas to determine how stress-induced BE should be categorized. Stress and Categories The Neuronal Approach Studies have been done to research the effects of stress on the brain mostly on animals like mice. The studies have revealed that in rats, stress can lead to choosing of lards and sugars over other foods (Adam, 2007). A study done relating animal and human literature took focus on the neuroendocrine mediators, insulin and cortisol and reviewed the neural circuitry of the reward system that is linked with food (Adam, 2007). Animal models resulted in glucocorticoids allowing for more pleasurable food intake and the consumption of drugs. A tail pinch in rats is considered a stressor and when the tail is pinched the rat would eat more caloric dense food. After a 24 hour rest period the rat would not eat to compensate for the calories taken in. However, if the tail pinching was consistent, the rat would eat more and still ate during the rest period. This can equate into human terms, as how constant severe stressors, for example college finals happening at the same time four research papers are due, and fast food available virtually everywhere can lead a very stressed person into a consumption frenzy of unlimited caloric dense food (Adam, 2007). The activation of the HPA axis as well as other transmitters accounts for the release of endogenous opioids which affect the body by trying to relax it when it’s in a heightened state. When the opioids are released (as response to a stressor) they contribute to the consumption of high-fat/high-sugar foods, and likewise these palatable foods sustain the release of the opioids. Therefore, if food is concluded to shut down stress pathways as before mentioned, (deactivating the HPA axis), so there’s not a continuous influx of stressful signal transduction (such as adrenaline release), and food is a coping mechanism of choice, then neurologically a stressed-out person is wired to seek out fatty foods to compensate for the amounts of stress triggering reactions in their body (Adam, 2007). In another research study, human subjects were tested under stressful and non-stressful conditions (a solvable math test and an unsolvable math test), given two fMRI’s and five blood tests. The test subjects were then asked to choose what kind of food appealed to them more after the test and a meal was also given before of their choosing. The results indicated that under stress food intake was larger than non-stressed. Subjects would have higher energy intake, protein intake and carbohydrate intake compared with the non-stressed subjects, as foods that were more palatable were chosen (higher in sugar, fat, salt, and more textured) (Born, 2010). These results correlate with other studies mentioned in this research, that also stated that stressed subjects have higher energy intakes therefore they tend to eat more nutrient dense foods compared to those who are not stressed. The areas of the brain that were stimulated were those that are linked to the reward system. The reward system is a dependence system is the brain that is activated by pleasurable foods, and drugs that leave the feeling of one wanting more. Constant stimulation of the reward system leads to desensitization which will increase the craving for palatable foods and have neurobiological adaptions to stimulate eating when not hungry. (Adam, 2007). The fMRI scans show regions of the limbic system that were activated when stressed given the choice to choose foods that were appealing (Figures 1,2 and 3) (Born, 2010). Brain reward in eating in the absence of hunger Figure 1. Sagittal (a), coronal (b) and transversal (c) sections, showing the GLM contrast of choosing something versus choosing nothing. Significant activation is visible in the left frontal cortex ( 21, 58, 13; Po0.05 FDR corrected). (Photo taken from Born, 2010). Figure 2. Two sagittal (a, b) sections at different planes and a transversal (c) section with the GLM contrast of choosing breakfast versus choosing a meal postprandially. There is a clear activation in the orbitofrontal cortex (3, 48, 1), frontal cortex (13, 61, 20 and 12, 63, 21) and putamen (18, 5, 5; Po0.05 FDR corrected). (Photo taken from Born 2010). Figure 3. Sagittal (a), coronal (b) and transversal (c) sections, showing the GLM contrast rest condition versus stress condition. Significant activation in present in the putamen (22, 4, 3 and 23, 11, 4) and the orbitofrontal cortex ( 8, 28, 6, Po0.05 FDR corrected). (Photo taken from Born, 2010). A sleep study was conducted identifying lack of sleep as a stressor. This is a common stressor of many college students for example that are loaded with excessive workloads, and young professionals who must meet the demands of their job fields. Subjects spent six days in bed for 9 hours or 4 hours and were submitted to MRI scanning on the sixth day and shown images of high and low calorie foods as well as nonfood items. The results showed overall neuronal activity was greater after restricted sleep than habitual sleep in response to food images. There was also more brain activity in areas of the brain associated with the reward pathways (Orbital frontal Cortex, insula, and regions of the basal ganglia). The brain regions in which activity was detected are related to motivation and desire so individuals who are not getting enough sleep are more prone to binge eating (St. Onge, 2012). Similarly, research has been conducted on nocturnal eating in response to stress and it was found that nocturnal eaters were more likely to binge eat than their counterparts. The stressors in this study were mostly psychological (self-esteem issues, body shaming, depression etc.) but as mentioned before if there is a lack of sleep it will trigger neuronal activity to seek out palatable food, and sometimes it is uncontrolled, leading to binge eating (Striegel-Moore, 2010).   Another study conducted previously tested subjects in a similar manner and found that those subjects with Night Eating Syndrome (NES) were also associated with binge eating (Colles, 2007). Obesity was concurrent with NES and most subjects that have NES were male according to Colles. The Psychological Approach Binge Eating is generally more closely associated with psychological factors such as depression, low self-esteem, poor body image perception, academic insufficiency, and weight-loss goals (Han, 2017). These factors are also closely associated to food addiction. Food addiction is defined just as substance addiction per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) (Parakeh). The interlacing of terms between food addiction and binge eating has to do with the psychological factors both terms have in common. BE is characterized by behavioral and psychological symptoms such as the frequency of binge episodes, the amount of food consumed, and their occurrence in the absence of hunger. BE is also usually followed by guilt and feelings of disgust, shame, or depression, whereas FA is strictly more of a lack of self-control driven by an impulse for gratification or escape.   Both have a loss of control and impulsivity driving the conditions however, food addiction does not equate into binge eating (Davis, 2016). Research has been conducted to explore these psychological factors and a study was done comparing BE and FA statistically. The results indicated that subjects who fall under similar factors in both BE and FA are more likely to experience more frequent binge eating episodes, stronger cravings for food, and elevated levels of impulsivity and depressive symptoms than those with only BED (Burrows, 2017). Therefore, there is a difference between the two terms, however when used in combination, the effects on an individual can be more severe in contrast if they were suffering from just BE or FA alone. Stress can intensify the effects of BE and FA, as studies have shown the closer the behavior between FA and BE then the more likely there will be underlying implicated stress and anxious and depressive mood (Parylak, 2011). In a Chinese study the effects of stress and its causation to binge eating was studied in adolescent girls whose main stressor was academic perfection. Results showed that adolescents with greater life event stress, earlier maladaptive schemas and higher levels of impulsivity displayed more severe binge eating (Zhu, 2015). Therefore, adolescents who never learned positive coping mechanisms and were exposed to strong life stressors, were more likely to engage in binge eating. This is potentially dangerous among Millennial populations since it is possible they may have not learned positive coping mechanisms in adolescence and now many are in college where the pressure to excel academically is high. Healthy individuals who may not fit criteria for BE or FA can fall into either category depending on the level of stress associated in their lives, and how vulnerable they may be to psychological stressors (Hardaway, 2015). CONCLUSION Categorizing Binge Eating into either behavioral or biological categories is difficult because as research has shown components from both domains often interlace with one another. As discussed in this review many psychological stressors can give rise to neuronal activity that will biologically start a maladaptive cycle if the person is not equipped to handle the overwhelming stress. Unfortunately, diagnosis of BE is done incorrectly because patients are not always asked the appropriate questions regarding their eating habits. Diagnosis should take into consideration dopamine, opioid, acetylcholine, and serotonin neuro-circuitry that are associated within the brain reward regions, along with the psychological stressors (depression, self-esteem etc) that could be troubling the patient (Fornaro, 2016). Experimental drugs should as Lisdexamfetamine, have been tested among patients with mild BE and were found to reduce occurrence of BE episodes compared to the placebo. Future trials concerning safety and long term effects of the drug are needed to deem the drug fit for clinical treatment of BE (Fornaro, 2016). Currently self-help techniques including monitoring mood, stress, and eating behavior are preferred to the pharmaceutical approach, however self-help in patients with BE is not effective as compared to those without reported BE (Wolff, 2000).    Future work could incorporate neuropsychology as to understand the processes of signal transduction that can lead to behavioral problems. The infusion of psychology and biology is crucial in trying to understand and ultimately treat binge eating caused by stress. As of now such research and studies are scarce combining both components in association with BE. This review aimed to clarify the distinction between psychological and neuronal categorization of stress induced binge eating. As mentioned through this review, it is inaccurate to try and place BE into one category, as both categories are often present in individuals suffering from BE. The greater the awareness of this subject, the more equipped work places, colleges, and individuals can be to recognize potential stressors and the effects they have on those who are vulnerable to psychological conditions. Works Cited Adam, Tanja  C., and Elissa  S. Epel. Stress, eating and the reward system.  Physiology & Behavior, vol.  91, no.  4,  2007, pp.  449-458.   Born, J.  M., et al. Acute stress and food-related reward activation in the brain during food choice during eating in the absence of hunger.  International Journal of Obesity, vol.  34, no.  1,  2009, pp.  172-181.   Burrows, Tracy, et al. Food Addiction, Binge Eating Disorder, and Obesity: Is There a Relationship?  Behavioral Sciences, vol.  7, no.  3,  2017, p.  54.   Cain, Angela  S., et al. Refining the relationships of perfectionism, self-efficacy, and stress to dieting and binge eating: Examining the appearance, interpersonal, and academic domains.  International Journal of Eating Disorders, vol.  41, no.  8,  2008, pp.  713-721.   Colles, S.  L., et al. Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking: association with obesity, binge eating and psychological distress.  International Journal of Obesity, vol.  31, no.  11,  2007, pp.  1722-1730.   Davis, Caroline. A commentary on the associations among ‘food addiction’, binge eating disorder, and obesity: Overlapping conditions with idiosyncratic clinical features.  Appetite, vol.  115,  2017, pp.  3-8.   Fischer, Sarah, et al. Impact of the neural correlates of stress and cue reactivity on stress related binge eating in the natural environment.  Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol.  92,  2017, pp.  15-23.   Fornaro, Michele, et al. Lisdexamfetamine in the treatment of moderate-to-severe binge eating disorder in adults: systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis of publicly available placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials.  Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, vol.  Volume 12,  2016, pp.  1827-1836.   Han, Suejung, and Soonhee Lee. College Student Binge Eating: Attachment, Psychological Needs Satisfaction, and Emotion Regulation.  Journal of College Student Development, vol.  58, no.  7,  2017, pp.  1074-1086.   Hardaway, J.  A., et al. Integrated circuits and molecular components for stress and feeding: implications for eating disorders.  Genes, Brain and Behavior, vol.  14, no.  1,  2015, pp.  85-97.   Harrington, Ellen  F., et al. The relationships among trauma, stress, ethnicity, and binge eating.  Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, vol.  12, no.  2,  2006, pp.  212-229.  Ã‚   Parekh, Ranna. What Are Eating Disorders?  Home │ Psychiatry.org, www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/eating-disorders/what-are-eating-disorders. Parylak, Sarah  L., et al. The dark side of food addiction.  Physiology & Behavior, vol.  104, no.  1,  2011, pp.  149-156.   Pendleton, Victor  R., et al. Negative Stress and the Outcome of Treatment for Binge Eating.  Eating Disorders, vol.  9, no.  4,  2001, pp.  351-360.   Shelton, Virginia  L., and Karena  T. Valkyrie. College Student Stress: A Predictor of Eating Disorder Precursor Behaviors.  Alabama Counseling Association Journal, vol.  35, no.  2,  Mar.  2010,  ebscohost.   St-Onge, M.-P., et al. Sleep restriction leads to increased activation of brain regions sensitive to food stimuli.  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.  95, no.  4,  2012, pp.  818-824.   Stress by Generations: 2012.  Http://www.apa.org, www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2012/generations.aspx. Striegel-Moore, Ruth  H., et al. Nocturnal eating: Association with binge eating, obesity, and psychological distress.  International Journal of Eating Disorders, vol.  43, no.  6,  2010, pp.  520-526.   Wolff, Gretchen  E., et al. Differences in daily stress, mood, coping, and eating behavior in binge eating and nonbinge eating college women.  Addictive Behaviors, vol.  25, no.  2,  2000, pp.  205-216.   Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS),   Zhu, Hong, et al. Life Event Stress and Binge Eating Among Adolescents: The Roles of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Impulsivity.  Stress and Health, vol.  32, no.  4,  2015, pp.  395-401.

Contemporary society Essay

Perhaps the most poignant criticism of the societies in these two novels is the violation of the principals and mores of modern society. In â€Å"The Wars†, death and injury becomes common place, and stopping to help a fellow soldier is not always permitted. â€Å"That was the rule. No one went back- even for a dying comrade. Only someone wounded could stay with another wounded man†¦ No one spoke. The dead all lay with their faces in the mud or turned to the walls of the trench. This was the only way they could be told apart from the wounded.† (Findley 118) More difficult to accept that this apathetic view of death is the enthusiasm that some of the soldiers in â€Å"The Wars† felt for the war and the destruction it caused. After being rained on with shells, having a close brush with death, â€Å"a bright young man with popping eyes turned to Robert and gushed at him: ‘Isn’t it marvellous!’ † Privacy is nearly impossible for ordinary soldiers. While on the boat, going to England the men â€Å"were cramped into spaces meant to hold a quarter of their number†¦ The make shift latrines and showers were virtually open forums where privacy was unheard of†¦ Up in the first class accommodations, the officers were somewhat better off.† (Findley 56-7) This also shows another disadvantage soldiers face that their superiors do not. Sexual abuse is seemingly common and goes unpunished in the novel. Four men rape Robert while his is in a changing stall at Asile Desolà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. â€Å"His assailants, who he’d thought were crazies, had been his fellow soldiers. Maybe even his brother officers. He’d never know.† (Findley 169) Many aspects of the society in â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale† also contrast modern societal values. Dead bodies are put on display for all to see. When on their daily walk Offred and Ofglen, â€Å"stop, together as if on signal, and stand and look at the bodies. It doesn’t matter if we look. We’re supposed to look: this is what they are there for, hanging on the Wall. Sometimes they’ll be there for days, until there’s a new batch, so as many people as possible will have the chance to see them.† (Atwood 40) Death does not have much shock value to individuals in the Gileadean society, as they have been exposed to it frequently. The Handmaids take part in the execution of a man who has performed crimes against society. â€Å"There is a surge forward, like a crowd at a rock concert in the former time†¦ Now there are sounds, gasps, a low noise like growling, yells†¦ he’s obscured by arms, fist, feet. A high scream comes from somewhere, like a horse in terror.† (Atwood 349) These women, who are not violent in every day life, are so desensitized to death that they are able to vent their anger through murder. Rape is common with the Gileadean society, although it is not recognized as such. Handmaids are required to copulate with their Commander, if the choose not to, they will be sent to the Colonies. With citizens being desensitized to death, enjoying killing and destruction, and the acceptance of sexual exploitation, the societies in â€Å"The Wars† and â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale† transgress the morals of contemporary society. â€Å"The Wars† and â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale† take place over dissimilar time spans, there are many societal parallels that are criticized in both novels. Soldiers are exploited by their superiors in â€Å"The Wars†, just as the unprivileged citizens in â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale† are used solely to benefit the government. Ignorance to the true motivations and actions of the government are evident in both novels. Social mores and values of present-day society are infracted in both â€Å"The Wars† and â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale†. Regardless of occurring over different time periods, there are several analogous aspects in the two societies represented in â€Å"The Wars† and â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale†, which are criticized.

Generation Gap: Mentors and Proteges Essay

When baby boomers reach retirement age; they start mentoring their replacements called generation Xers. Some boomers face difficulties in this process. William Slater; a computer engineer; faced problems while he was participating in his company’s formal mentoring program. One of his students tried to take his place in the organization by reporting negatively about him. Generation Xers even face issues in mentoring programs. Joel Bershok’s mentor dissolved relationship within 3 weeks of mentoring as his mentor did not trust him. This is because new replacements charge less and companies are ready to replace old people with new ones as this helps the company in decreasing cost. This happened with Janet Wheelar as she was replaced by two younger workers. There are beneficial effects of mentoring for the organizations. Mentoring increases employee productivity and job satisfaction. The issue is that many mentoring programs end up in failure due to mismatching of mentors and proteges. On the other hands organizations have benefited from such programs and they have continued using such programs. Mentors should take pride in helping new employees in making their careers. Women are the ones who have gained a lot from mentoring programs and they have reached top level management due to these programs. Knowledge should be passed on. A mentor teaches proteges and then a proteges becomes a mentor and teaches new employees. According to OB literature on Knowledge Management; the experience and the knowledge of the Baby Boomers should be captured and stored so new employees can benefit from that information. This means that Baby Boomers should provide education to new employees so training cost of the organization decreases and performance increases. According to OB literature; performance increases when employees know what they have to do on the job. When employees are able to do their tasks correctly; they gain job satisfaction.

History of Nursing Essay - 1959 Words

History of Nursing The topic of this paper is to identify historical events in nursing. This topic grasps my attention because I am on the track to become a nurse, and feel I need to know about the history of nursing. The purpose of this paper is to inform the reader about historical highlights in nursing. In The Beginning American Nurses Association defines nursing as â€Å"the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and population†( Potter,P., Perry, A. 2005,1-5). Thus making nursing dynamic and ever changing. However, when nursing†¦show more content†¦(Parker, Sandra,V., 1993) The matrons were significant because they â€Å"introduced home remedies, airing of the wards, and simple cleanliness.†( Parker, Sandra,V., 1993) Nurses must thank the Civil War because the war made the profession of nursing reachable to women.( 1997,Womens Roles during the Civil War, 1861-1865) In 1873 there were four hospitals with a school of nursing with in them. These hospitals were the New England Hospital for Women and Children; Massachusetts General Hospital; New Haven Hospit al; and Bellevue Hospital.( 1996.Nursing. Dictionary of American History) The number of hospitals and hospital with nursing schools inside of them increased, because the hospitals soon found that the mortality and morbidity decreased with improved nursing care.( Nursing. Dictionary of American History) The shaping and molding of the nursing profession made the hospitals that we know today to be possible. In the 1860’s and 1870’s more Americans went to the hospitals for treatment because of the emphasis on hospital cleanliness, and the professional nurse.( Kellison, Kimberly. 1997-1998) Mary Eliza Mahoney became the first black graduate nurse in 1879.( Hine, Darlene,C., 1996) From 1893 to 1900 the number of nursing schools inside hospitals increased 225 to 432, and the number of hospitals increased from 178 to over 4000.( 1996.Nursing. Dictionary of American History) Nursing became considerably more popular and â€Å"by 1920, 54,953 women were in nursingShow More RelatedHistory of Nursing1240 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of Nursing Worksheet NUR433 April 23, 2012 University of Phoenix Material History of Nursing Research Worksheet There have been many influential publications, agencies, and people in the field of nursing research. 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